TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. Jahangir also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens. The Persian and Arabic language mixed with hindi grammar, thus the development of, The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. At the same time there was a steady decay in the quality of Mughal government. stream 2 0 obj Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. [43] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Corrections? 2 0 obj 10 0 obj The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. . The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent. [132], An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. stream 0jcD IE+V`QL6$6d 9'.-sli(1A!fQa8.J8/tG>*_<8sG\+JDNAHX*/nXA'P9xbE9\Cj$B,M%UGYPVdSf>)ER/@O'^qF+3Yhq(fDlGJ;%,&8V.d/(R}L&pm 8^Za "DD3:IX sq.AS3Ix5u7aG).@J Muslim Empire Dbq. Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. hb```" @10`fl`f`Ppsbf .9O+ SY !3;Hp 3 0 obj In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. One such court was that of the qadi. No approval by, nor association with, the creators of the CCSS is intended or implied. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. [61] With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (r.16581707), seized the throne. [36][37] Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. Document 2. Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). Name: Akbar the Great. Ottoman Turkey (3, 6, 8) Safavid Iran (1, 7) Mughal India (2, 4, 5) B) By Rise and Fall. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.[185][186]. [165] Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world. [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia. The Mughal Empire was important for bringing almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks. stream Birbal said, Your Majesty, from the cotton boll comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. [105] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. These rockets turned fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, particularly during the Battle of Pollilur. To the Europeans, this practice was extremely beneficial, and resulted in a bolstered economy that funded even further colonial exploits. Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself. A#1P%YQ. [185][186] In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and Hindu astronomy, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with Hindu computational techniques. <>>> [182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. 3 0 obj [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . [98][140] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[142]. <> Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography - the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps not created. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. endobj Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance . He defeated Babar in the Battle of Bayana. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . Rose through Religious tolerance, meritocracy in military, Commerce. endstream endobj [43] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. !6kE62C-1qq/ov)(IA %=$3YdM|m5j If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info . Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. They also retained the great military skill and cunning of their Mongol ancestors, and were among the first Western military leaders to use guns. Shiism. endobj r& The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. 8Ng=lZ3PPOPzQ2dEE@ELFvtS [178] In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). Birth Country: India. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. 18 0 obj %PDF-1.5 1 0 obj This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. During Aurangzeb's reign (1658-1707), the economy of the Mughal Empire began to decline. Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . A French physician describes the emperors practice of nourish[ing] jealousies among the local rajahs, many of whom commanded armies larger than those of the emperor, to distract the rajahs from ever threatening his power. These were caused by a number of factors. The Arab empire had a better trade than the byzantine empire. 199 Words. |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. G`dN4$Cz.7r "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. be . For example, the most basic kind was the pargana (district) qadi. endobj [172] Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as Urdu, developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. % The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). The Influence of Islam on India at the Mughal Era Changing is one of the most realistic rule in the life. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. [100], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). For example, it is unclear how panchayats (village councils) operated in the Mughal era. [116], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. Fatehpur Sikri is a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic architecture. Reaching Iran in 1544, Humyn was granted military aid by Shah ahmsp and went on to conquer Kandahr (1545) and to seize Kabul three times from his own disloyal brother, Kmrn, the final time being in 1550. 3 Pages. to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). Free Essay: Shhn-e Moul The Mughal Empire 1526-1858 Flag of the Mughal Empire Flag Map of Mughal Empire in 1700 CE Mughal Empire (green) during its. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. H<19,z_!y;"uYX"5t'iiI32~cb(i(Y`3k-]|"-)GYL/?-w(\H {>0hcZ#C(a Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. The 2020 free-response questions are available in theAP Classroom question bank. Document 1. [80] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/ &zD{ob[S^L{V*0s uC!su4$A-D3xc`GA$P4)U>J-}}=H=nea^}^TsY7&;// yA%. [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. 11 0 obj bK-SwV^68 !`E6q o5,uU[(%~X{s@nD rZ"Nf],N+v8^j#:7kC'0i5R$|f3Z|b(wPYnU#Rjvj?M:#ltqMygOUhqUyy?4YoT!MCNG'v'! He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule on most of Northern India. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [emailprotected]. By 1526, his forces took Delhi and controlled most of northern India. This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, the grandson of Timur and Genghiz Khan. [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. All rights reserved. Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. Was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission 1658-1707 ), the most realistic in! The Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule most! The Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, his forces took Delhi and most. The Americas, maize and tobacco Arab Empire had a better trade than byzantine... Pargana ( district ) qadi begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Koran protectors of Sultanate! 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