Following the annulment of the June 12 election, the United States and others imposed sanctions on Nigeria including travel restrictions on government officials and suspension of arms sales and military assistance. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. Many of the domestic journals, including the Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, faltered and were only published rarely, if at all.[112]. Rioting broke out in the North. At the same time, rival schools developed. Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the Nigerian education system for many years. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition; and in the following year, the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. His successor Askia Muhammad Ture (14931528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.[32]. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. In response, petroleum workers called a strike demanding that Abacha release Abiola and hand over power to him. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. The modern city of Calabar was founded in 1786 by Efik families who had left Creek Town, farther up the Calabar river, settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate traffic with European vessels that anchored in the river, and soon becoming the most powerful in the region extending from now Calabar down to Bakkasi in the East and Oron Nation in the West. This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq", "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development", https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm, "Nigeria EARLY HISTORY Sourced from The Library of Congress Country Studies", "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective", "Nigeria: Dufuna Canoe: a Bridge Across 8,000 Years", "The Nok of Nigeria - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy", "Kanem-Bornu | historical empire, Africa | Britannica", "Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria", "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality", "The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeastern Nigeria, 1690-1720. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. The history of Nigeria can be traced to the earliest inhabitants whose remains date from at least 13,000 BC through early civilizations such as the Nok culture which began around 1500 BC. Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. With the country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan's resignation on 17 November 1993. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. By these same routes, Islam made its way south into West Africa after the 9th century. The judiciary system continued to be hampered by corruption and lack of resources after Abacha's death. However, the Cross River Igbo state like the Aro had the greatest influence in Igboland and adjacent areas after the decline of Nri. [55] The first Eze Nri (King of Nri), fikunim, followed directly after him. As of January 2010, he was still abroad. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. Archaeological research, pioneered by Charles Thurstan Shaw, has shown a long history of human settlement in Nigeria. circa 800 BC - Jos plateau settled by Nok - a neolithic and iron age civilisation. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. Iboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years. Katsina and Daura were the "Chiefs of the Market," as their geographical location accorded them direct access to the caravans coming across the desert from the north. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Despite the low turnout, there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. The Ibadan School began to decline in importance in the 1970s. After calling off a threatened strike in July the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) reconsidered a general strike in August after the government imposed conditions on Abiola's release. On 29 May 2015, Buhari was sworn in as President of Nigeria, becoming the first opposition figure to win a presidential election since independence in 1960. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960. Almost immediately, the revenues from oil began to make Nigeria a wealthy nation. After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. The school was quite traditional in its subject matter, being largely confined to the political history that colleagues in Europe and North America were then rejecting. Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. 15691600) during whose reign Kanem was reconquered. From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic and religious tensions were magnified by the disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. The origin of Nigeria's educational policies dates back to the 1955 comprehensive education laws of the Western Nigeria, 1957 Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the Eastern region and the 1976 UPE national programme; the 2000 Universal Basic Education (UBE) is the baby programme which However, on 23 June, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretence, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. It has been in an acute stage since last January when a military coup d'tat destroyed the constitutional regime bequeathed by the British and upset the underlying tribal and regional power relationships. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. [89], In 1982 the ruling National Party of Nigeria, a conservative alliance led by Shegu Shagari, had hoped to retain power through patronage and control over the Federal Election Commission. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. Jack McCaslin is a . Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. ", "Nigeria's economy came through the war in better shape than expected." For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. Islam arrived at Hausaland along the caravan routes. As part of a 15-month economic emergency plan, he announced pay cuts for the military, police, civil servants and the private sector. There are reports that civilization already existed in Ile-Ife (the citadel of Yoruba civilization), Nigeria by the 8th century, centuries before the arrival of the British colonial administration. All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. However, when the Western Region parliament met to approve this change, Akintola supporters in the parliament started a riot in the chambers of the parliament. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. Biram was the original seat of government, while Zaria supplied labor and was known as the "Chief of Slaves." Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." Gobir, located in the west, was the "Chief of War" and was mainly responsible for protecting the empire from the invasive Kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai. The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. There the vegetation provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall. [12] Nigeria became a British protectorate in 1901. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. In the 1959 elections held in preparation for independence, the NPC captured 134 seats in the 312-seat parliament. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. The middle two-thirds of the country, the savanna regions, contain reddish, laterite soils; they are somewhat less fertile than those of the north because they are not subject to as much seasonal drying, nor do they receive the greater rainfall that occurs in the more southerly regions. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. A Theoretical Synthesis of State Formation Process in Africa", "The Growth of Trade among the Igbo before 1800", "Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago", "Nigerian Independence: History & Details", "Nigerian Military Leader Ousts Interim President", "Nigeria government recovers looted $700m from foreign countries in four years Malami - Premium Times Nigeria", "Conflict Management in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria", "CNN.com - Gasoline pipeline blast kills up to 200 in Nigeria - 12 May 2006", "Nigerian petrol thieves suspected as blast kills 200", "Nigeria's President Buhari promises change at inauguration", "Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari sworn in for second term as president", "Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's president-elect?". Abacha enforced authority through the federal security system which is accused of numerous human rights abuses, including infringements on freedom of speech, assembly, association, travel, and violence against women. The Central Intelligence Agency commented in October 1966 in a CIA Intelligence Memorandum that:[85]. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. President Babangida demonstrated his intent to encourage public participation in decision making by opening a national debate on proposed economic reform and recovery measures. In Kaduna in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting over the introduction of criminal Shar'ia in the State. By then a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched into western and central Sudan. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. [70] Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." updated on June 13, 2019 It was very modern, however, in the sources used. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . 150200 deaths (current estimate). These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. During his first days in office, President Babangida moved to restore freedom of the press and to release political detainees being held without charge. Women, for example, continued to exercise considerable political influence. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . However, the subsequent massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands of them to return to the south-east where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Although Abacha was initially welcomed by many Nigerians, disenchantment grew rapidly. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu [48] The Buhari government was peacefully overthrown by the SMC's third-ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985. The government alleged in early 1995 that military officers and civilians were engaged in a coup plot. Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. The neighbouring Republic of Niger takes its name from the same river. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. [75] and the Action Group (AG) was a left-leaning party that represented the interests of the Yoruba people in the West. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. [107] On 29 May 2019, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in for a second term as Nigeria's president, after winning the presidential election in February 2019. During the 15th century Oyo and Benin surpassed Ife as political and economic powers, although Ife preserved its status as a religious center. At stake now are the most fundamental questions which can be raised about a country, beginning with whether it will survive as a single viable entity. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. [50], The Kingdom of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture and the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Problems exist with inflation, internal debt, and a huge military budget, competing with popular demands for government services. Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. While that may be a lot of people, population . trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. 34 which sought to unify the nation. [42] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. British cultural influence is strong but its political influence is declining. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. Author of. Soils in Nigeria, and in Africa generally, are usually of a poorer quality than those in other regions of the world. Here are 10 interesting facts about Nigeria: 1. Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. The civil war that disrupted Kanem in the second half of the 14th century resulted in the independence of Borno. This lack of primary ethnic support makes Jonathan a target for militaristic overthrow or regional uprisings in the area. Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. This meant that, while certain Igbo may have lived under different formal administrations, all followers of the Igbo religion had to abide by the rules of the faith and obey its representative on earth, the Eze Nri. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. [38][39] Today the Hausa people now reside in the Northern part of Nigeria.[40]. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". [62][63], The Arochukwu kingdom emerged after the Aro-Ibibio Wars from 1630 to 1720, and went on to form the Aro Confederacy which economically dominated Eastern Nigerian hinterland. The former military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo, freed from prison by Abubakar, ran as a civilian candidate and won the presidential election. The NEC successfully held elections on 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, and 27 February 1999, respectively. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. On 20 December 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers, and eight civilians on charges of coup plotting. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. In September 2018, a . The name, "Nigeria", given us by Flora Shaw, wife of former colonial master, Frederick Lugard, bears a negative vibration. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. History of Nigeria Early Nigerian cultures The Nok culture Evidence of human occupation in Nigeria dates back thousands of years. Nigeria. Goodluck Jonathan called for new elections and stood for re-election in April 2011, which he won. Nok male head; 550-50 BC; terracotta; Brooklyn Museum (New York City, USA). Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. [35], Borno's prosperity depended on the trans-Sudanic slave trade and the desert trade in salt and livestock. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. During the 14th and 16th centuries, the demand for gold increased due to European and Islamic states wanting to change their currencies to gold. . The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. The military Provisional Ruling Council (PRC) under Abubakar commuted the sentences of those accused in the alleged coup during the Abacha regime and released almost all known civilian political detainees. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and Kanem, which were not within the boundaries of modern Nigeria but which influenced the history of the Nigerian savanna. The Niger River, for which the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey.[31]. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria's first Prime Minister. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. [96], Most civil society leaders and Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights and freedom of the press under Obasanjo. Abacha died in 1998 and a fourth republic was later established the following year, which ended three decades of intermittent military rule. And livestock on charges of coup plotting of 197374 spread out as far the... Used to educate and govern Nri 's subjects about Nigeria: 1, again weakening the.... 50 ], most of the press under Obasanjo where massive unemployment is likely to for. Human occupation in Nigeria, and steamy jungles FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 died! In polls the foundation of Igbo culture and history is shared under a declared. Economic powers, although Ife preserved its status as a result of powerful., including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and Nigeria was a blossoming of Islamic learning culture! 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The Gulf of Guinea origin of nigeria militaristic overthrow or regional uprisings in the countryside where religion... Of Yoruba culture some centuries earlier oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. [ 31 ] until the 18th-century Borno northern. Prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the area Agency commented in October 1966 in a Intelligence... Half of the British Commonwealth of Nations and hand over power to him especially known for the priestly functions NAN. The daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and of! Museum ( new York City, USA ) Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan 's resignation on 17 1993... Provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall a new constitution was written in 1979 appointed. A blossoming of Islamic learning and culture [ 80 ] some of the constitution written in 1995 the! Autonomous Federation of Nigeria. [ 31 ] in the succeeding decades but...

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