How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for Americas involvement in World War I. What is said in the Senate ought to be placed before the peace conference and published in Paris, so that the foreign Governments may be informed as to the various views expressed here. "The editor proposes to publish between this time and the presidential election, an extra Telegrah, to contain thirteen numbers, in which A fighting frigate, and other essays and addresses, President Harding and Calvin Coolidge [1], Some papers laid before the Continental Congress, 1775-, - 11/19/2014 12:07 AM REST. He died. The League of Nations November 19, 1919. . I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this, I am thinking of what is best for the world for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. ", The remainder of the speech was a litany of questions, objections, and requests for information, and a ringing plea: "We must bring our men back from France . But it is well to remember that we are dealing with nations every one of which has a direct individual interest to serve, and there is grave danger in an unshared idealism. American History II--Imperialism and WWI Study Guide 1. Copyright 2023 The Patriot Post. Citation Information. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. All rights reserved. Lawrence Collection (Library of Congress) We have made mistakes in the past. As it stands there is serious danger that the very nations which sign the constitution of the league will quarrel about the meaning of the various articles before a twelvemonth has passed. What was the primary argument of Senate opponents such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans view it as a threat to American sovereignty [power]? This World War I website is created and maintained by Alpha History. "This new edition contains selections from speeches delivered since 1892." Download World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. August 12, 1919. This recorded speech is by Henry Cabot Lodge, aU.S.congressman from Massachusetts. I know that some of the ardent advocates of the plan submitted to us regard any suggestion of the importance of the Washington policy as foolish and irrelevant. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1. Google Scholar. The President was so careful in this direction that he did not permit himself ever to refer to the nations by whose side we fought as "allies," but always as "nations associated with us in the war." Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. There should be no undue haste in considering it. When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. The unknown story behind Henry Cabot Lodges campaign against the League of Nations. range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. beauty pie dupes Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Henry Cabot Lodge, Senate speech opposing the League of Nations, February 28, 1919. No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfillment of noble ideals in the words 'league for peace.' We would not have our country's vigor exhausted or her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and small, which afflicts the world. Not just his enjoyment at the Longworths party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B) range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Cabot-Lodge-United-States-senator-1850-1924, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, FirstWorldWar.com - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The president, gravely ill after an exhausting tour to promote the League precipitated a crippling stroke, refused to compromise. . In all the vital questions with which he dealt it was not merely that he thought of his country first and never thought of himself at all. That which we refuse to do in war we are to do in peace, deliberately, coolly, and with no war exigency. Despite Eisenhowers landslide victory, Lodge lost his re-election bid to John Kennedy. Choose our full-length Digest or our quick-reading Snapshot for a summary of important news. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. The unknown story behind Henry Cabot Lodge's campaign against the League of Nations. "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations". should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness," Lodge's address was a painstaking critique of the League's constitution. Senator Johnson corroborates Lodge's statements about a loss of national autonomy in policy and lawmaking. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of the Federalist Papers; The Constitution; Which Amendments; Classics this Encouraged Constitution; Executive Branch Outsmart; Intrigue of President Elections; 90 Full Studies (2017 - 2021) Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. Here are some tips. Manuscript Division - United States. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . After making a quixotic run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964, Lodge served another tour as ambassador under Kennedys Democratic successor, Lyndon Johnson. I have never had but one allegiance - I cannot divide it now. Moreover, he was destitute of any personal ambitions to a degree never equaled by any other very great man known to us. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. We are told that we shall 'break the heart of the world' if we do not take this league just as it stands. TR rides in an open landau on Fifteenth St., NW, escorted by mounted Rough Riders; Secret Service Lodge, Henry Cabot - McKenney, James Hall - Fuller, Melville Weston - Dalzell, John - Theodore Roosevelt Association Collection (Library of Congress) - Spooner, John C. (John Coit) - Roosevelt, Theodore. Washington's entire honesty of mind and his fearless look into the face of all facts are qualities which can never go out of fashion and which we should all do well to imitate. (Contextualization, Corroboration) What might Document C and Document D both suggest about why some Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles. 2. Later that year the Republicans retook the White House, led by another reservationist senator and glad guest at the Longworth party, Warren Harding of Ohio. 2. Pdf. He was thus in a position to mastermind the strategy of opposition to adoption of the Treaty of Versailles, including the League of Nations covenant. On Mar. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. As the powerful leader of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he emerged as the pivotal figure in the protracted debate over the League. That was not to be. The stroke, soon followed by an unrelated but life-threatening infection, left Wilson isolated, physically debilitated, emotionally fragile and incapable of rendering sound political judgments. President Wilson first countered by meeting with individual senators, and then by subjecting himself to a grilling by the Foreign Relations Committee, which he invited to the White House. Though Lodge claimed publicly that he was pleased to see the treaty go down in flames, he could not have been happy with the results. Also available in digital form. Speeches and Addresses, -1909. Also available in digital form. This suggests that party considerations were important in the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and supports the idea that Lodge may have changed his positions for political reasons. Our first ideal is our country, and we see her in the future, as in the past, giving service to all her people and to the world. 1 (Sept. 3, 1832)-no. But more important, he rejected the presidents aspirations because he believed Wilson went too far with his sweeping internationalist vision, which included equal treatment of all nations, arms limitation, freer trade, wider national autonomy and steps away from colonialism. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? Also available in digital form. On February 28, 1919, two days after Lodge visited the White House, where he and the other committee members sat through a two-hour question and answer session that "told us nothing," he rose in the Senate to deliver the opening salvo in what would prove to be a protracted and bitter contest over the League of Nations and the shape of the postwar world. We ought to lay aside once and for all the unfounded and really evil suggestion that because men differ as to the best method of securing the world's peace in the future, anyone is against permanent peace, if it can be obtained, among all the nations of mankindWe all earnestly desire to advance toward the preservation of the world's peace, and difference in method makes no distinction in purpose. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world. What roledid Henry CabotLodge state America should play in world affairs with his "America First" argument? The White House, at the direction of his wife, Edith, issued misleading reports that the president was suffering from nervous exhaustion and would soon recover. Eisenhower appointed Lodge ambassador to the United Nations, where he served for nearly eight years. Sixty-three of them just one short of the two-thirds needed for consent voted yea. Whether any others might have been persuaded to join them by a still-healthy Wilson remains an intriguing question. Yep, throughout the history of the Em, And to think of all that time and energy wasted by, "..even the alleged 'islamophobia' in Aladdin." The Monroe doctrine is based on the principle of self-preservation. Nor was Lodge an outright opponent of international organizations like the League of Nations. He adopted a dual course of action: first, delaying tactics to allow enthusiasm for the League to wane; second, introducing a series of amendments (the Lodge reservations) that would require the approval of Congress before the United States would be bound by certain League decisions. (Close Reading) What are four reasons that Lodge gives for opposing the Treaty of Versailles? He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world Look at the United States today. Do not think that I overstate this in the fondness of patriotism and with the partiality of one of his countrymen. Henry Cabot Lodge. Irregular No. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Perhaps the time has come when the policies of Washington should be abandoned; but if we are to cast them aside I think that at least it should be done respectfully and with a sense of gratitude to the great man who formulated them. In 1915, many powerful Republicans supported a league, and the Democrats were not unified behind the idea. We hear much of visions and I trust we shall continue to have visions and dream dreams of a fairer future for the race. ", Nation's Forum Collection (Library of Congress) - Lodge, Henry Cabot - A.F.R. He also served as the presidents intimate adviser and pushed for ways to get their geographically removed, commercially obsessed and democratically accountable country truly engaged in great-power politics. We are told that we shall break the heart of the world if we do not take this league as it stands. Henry Cabot Lodge, August 12, 1919 (Modified) Mr. President: I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first. Since several of them, such as William E. Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, were notorious for their insurgency, this was no idle threat. The Treaty of Versailles was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and included a covenant establishing the League of Nations, which convened its first council meeting on January 16, 1920. You can not found world peace upon the cynical "scrap of paper" doctrine so dear to Germany. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike is to me repulsive. When will it end? and to that end let us have peace with Germany, made now, and not delay it until the complicated questions of the league of nations can be settled with the care and consideration which they demand.". What was the League of Nations? Questions about Senate History? For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. "I think of the United States first. One of the chief opponents of the Versailles Treaty was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R. We recommend installing the latest version of Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. "Are we ready to give to other nations the power to say who shall come into the United States and become citizens of the Republic?" United States--Politics and government--1865-1933. Look at the United States today. United States the Supreme Court ruled. In 1924 he was relegated to being a barely noticed rank-and-file delegate to the national convention that nominated Coolidge, a disdained Bay State rival. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1909. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. Democrats tended to support the treaty and Republicans tended to oppose it. The Patriot Post does not support Internet Explorer. ", In 1919, Lodge was at the height of a long and distinguished career. And by we, I mean the irreconcilables, who were against any League, no matter how safeguarded with reservations.. 3. But if we put aside forever the Washington policy in regard to our foreign relations we must always remember that it carries with it the corollary known as the Monroe doctrine. If you extend it to all the world, it ceases to exist, because it rests on nothing but the differentiation of the American Hemisphere from the rest of the world. page 202 note 1. Henry Cabot Lodge (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B). I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. I press this point because there is nothing so vital to the peace of the world as the sanctity of treaties. (Sourcing) To what extent is Lodge's speech reliable evidence of the reasons why Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919? Email a Senate historian. St Peter de Betancurt was born on 19 March 1626 at Chasna de Vilaflor on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. If it should be effectively and beneficently changed the people who would lie awake in sorrow for a single night could be easily gathered in one not very large room but those who would draw a long breath of relief would reach to millions. He had his committee conduct lengthy public hearings, which offered a sounding board for critics and opponents of the treaty and the league. 4, 1905, TR is inaugurated in Washington, D.C. with much celebration and fanfare. According to Lodge, how would involvement in the League of Nations weaken America? National I must remain, and in that way I like all other Americans can render the amplest service to the world. It is worse than idle, it is not honest, to evade or deny this fact, and every fairminded supporter of this draft plan for a league admits it. Perhaps it is. The suggestion that we can safely sign because we can always violate or abrogate is fatal not only to any league but to peace itself. We would not have our countrys vigour exhausted or her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and small, which afflicts the world. I. Henry Cabot Lodge: Reservations with Regard to the Treaty . Beware how you trifle with your marvellous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. This was a huge debate amongst the people of the South. Presented by Mr. To whatever instrument the United States sets its hand it must carry out the provisions of that instrument to the last jot and tittle, and observe it absolutely both in letter and in spirit. Harding refused to revisit league membership; on Lodges advice, he advocated wiping the slate clean and pursuing a purely Republican foreign policy. Republican Congressman from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge led a battle against the treaty. That the nations must unite for peace and protection. How anyone can say this passes my comprehension. The final Republican secretary of this era, Henry Stimson, tried without success to extend disarmament efforts, and he found himself stymied by Hoover when he sought to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Wilson likewise rejected any compromise efforts, calling Lodge and the reservationists nullifiers. That word, which harked back to John C. Calhoun and the slaveholding South, was sure to draw blood from Republicans just a little over half a century after the Civil War. Document: The Senate and the League of Nations . The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924.In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term. Lodge and Wilson remained bitter enemies until Wilson's death on February 3, 1924. Dr. Cooper is a professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. All Rights Reserved. But he barely won re-election in 1922, and he found himself shunted aside from a leadership role among Massachusetts Republicans. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat for them in this murky covenant. DeSantis Is Not Dead Yet, Stephen Moore No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky covenant. This is the real disposition of human nature. Alexander Hamilton (1788), The Patriot Post is a highly acclaimed weekday digest of news analysis, policy and opinion written from the heartland as opposed to the MSMs ubiquitous Beltway echo chambers for grassroots leaders nationwide. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. "The inquiry has been so enduring," historian Herbert F. Margulies has observed, "that the story of the League's rejection has entered folklore and become almost mythological, with President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge the larger-than-life protagonists. We are told that we shall break the heart of the world if we do not take this league just as it stands. Courtesy of Library of Congress, 2022 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. The language only too frequently is not the language of laws or statues. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come as in the years that have gone. Statutory and legal language must assert and command, not argue and describe. The attitude recommended by Washington was scrupulously maintained even under the pressue of the great conflict. He did not initiate but did briefly condone compromise bipartisan talks that might soften the reservations, but he aborted that effort when the irreconcilables threatened a party revolt. We abandon entirely by the proposed constitution the policy laid down by Washington in his Farewell Address and the Monroe doctrine. The Treaty would be a major change in American foreign policy, including a departure from the principles of Washington's Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine. Standing always firmly by these great policies, we have thriven and prospered and have done more to preserve the world's peace than any nation, league, or alliance which ever existed. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of of Commoner Work; The Constitution; Of Amendments; Classics that Inspired Constitution; Executive Branch Overreach Policies|Accessibility, Courtesy of Library of Congress, Lodge, Henry Cabot, "League of Nations," 1919, National Register of Historic Places & Landmarks, "League of Nations" Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919, World War I: Evaluating America's Role in Global Conflicts. During Roosevelts presidency, Lodge had acted as his friends foreign policy point man and spokesman on Capitol Hill. Partisan differences and personal rivalry had long strained Wilson's relationship with the powerful and opinionated Massachusetts senator, but the intensely nationalistic Lodge and most of his fellow Republicans had supported the president throughout the war. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). We are a rock-solid conservative touchstone for the expanding ranks of grassroots Americans Patriots from all walks of life. Wilsons big crowds and enthusiastic reception rattled Lodge, and some observers speculated about how the president might bargain with the Senate when he returned with a wind at his back. Lodge offered to support it only if substantial revisions were made in its key provisions, especially Article X, which in his view transferred from the Senate to the League of Nations the authority to wage war. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. Wilson suffered a collapse from physical and nervous exhaustion and a few days later suffered a stroke. 'Post equitem sedet atra cura,' Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. words that were brilliant but often bitter." He did not close the door on temporary alliances for particular purposes. Even at its most internationalist, Republican foreign policy in the 1920s offered weak a substitute for the American leadership on peace and collective security that Wilson had fought for. Look at the United States today. Lodges reservation, as an amendment to the treaty, would require majority approval in both houses of Congress to authorize participation in any collective response by the league. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive. He indulged in the wishful thinking that Roosevelts charismatic leadership and use of his bully pulpit could arouse and inspire the public and Congress to the proper pursuit of international duties. Read online World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Sandro Magister tells us about the Popes hatred of proselytism and how his attitude is at variance with the history of the, I don't know what the Pope is so afraid of,, I hand write my taxes simply to annoy the IR, End stage (or near end stage) sexual libera, It's interesting. For we too have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? Nevertheless, he had endorsed the mutual security pact with Britain and France a precursor to NATO that Wilson had attached to the Versailles treaty. 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