His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. Despite their varied appearance to the. One of the most stark examples of Sumerian religion being different from modern ones is the sheer humanness of ancient Mesopotamian gods. It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. Answer (1 of 3): From their writing the Sumerians knew a lot about the solar system. Asherah has made (a pact) with us. Poseidon is known to have been worshipped in Beirut, his image appearing on coins from that city. Another version attributes the idea to Nammu herself. Though Sanchuniathon distinguishes Poseidon from his Elus/Cronus, this might be a splitting off of a particular aspect of l in a euhemeristic account. [19]Andreas Johandi, Some Remarks about the Beginnings of Marduk. In S. Fink and R. Rollinger, eds.,Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Helsinki / Tartu(Mnster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2018), p. 566. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. In Tablet 5 of the Enuma Elish it may be the pole star, which at the time was Thuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor). Genesis, Book of. [49][50] l is brother to the God Bethel, to Dagon and to an unknown god, equated with the Greek Atlas and to the goddesses Aphrodite/'Ashtart, Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (equated with Ba'alat Gebal). Specific deities known as 'El, 'Al or 'Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion[9] and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia's Early Dynastic Period. cognate with Arabic Latif "hidden". So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? Mesopotamians believed these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth. The Sumerian texts state that he used his powers responsibly and with benevolence, always watching over the well-being of humanity. [2]Based on his identification with El, Kumarbi, and others well discuss before we reach the end of this series, Enlil should be understood not as lord of the air, but as a universal god who controls different spheres and domains, different areas without any defined specialization.[3], In other words, Enlil was simply the god. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . The goddess was married to Nergal, the god of war, death, and disease. And to Cronus himself again he gave two wings upon his head, one representing the all-ruling mind, and one sensation. The following verses in which the god condemns those whom he says were previously named gods (Elohim) and sons of the Most High suggest the god here is in fact l judging the lesser gods. [24] In Hittite texts, the expression becomes the single name Ilkunirsa, this Ilkunirsa appearing as the husband of Asherdu (Asherah) and father of 77 or 88 sons. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Sometimes he is specifically named (or at least identified with) Sn.[9]. He is the first and most distant ancestor, theologically conceived as the God of Heaven in its "transcendental obscurity". Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. She was known to accompany her favorite king in battle in the shape of the planet Venus, the morning star, or the evening star. Poseidon of Beirut was also worshipped at Delos where there was an association of merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen called the Poseidoniastae of Berytus founded in 110 or 109 BCE. Unlike most major gods, Enki did not live in heaven, Earth, or the Netherworld; he lived in the Abzu. Of the four planes of existence in Sumerian mythos, the Netherworld, otherwise known as Kigal or Irkalla, was by far the most depressing. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). Whether a deity or not, she played a major role in creating the universe as well as humans and human civilization. Unlike the modern idea of heaven, Sumerian heaven was essentially the sky, which was where some gods lived. A fuller account of the sacrifice appears later: It was a custom of the ancients in great crises of danger for the rulers of a city or nation, in order to avert the common ruin, to give up the most beloved of their children for sacrifice as a ransom to the avenging daemons; and those who were thus given up were sacrificed with mystic rites. In Canaanite mythology, El builds a desert sanctuary with his children and his two wives, leading to speculation[by whom?] Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. The Saturn god symbol is a sickle to represent his role in agriculture. No deity in the Sumerian pantheon of gods was above making mistakes, and these errors and lapses of judgment were often regarded as parabolic lessons. El is depicted primarily as a warrior; in Ugaritic sources Baal has the warrior role and El is peaceful, and it may be that the Sanchuniathon depicts an earlier tradition that was more preserved in the southern regions of Canaan. It' s a free PDF paper (28 pp) on the planets in Mesopotamian sources (i.e., the actual cuneiform astronomical texts also known as the stuff Zecharia Sitchin hides from his readers). 1 (1984), p. 1. An took control of heaven and separated the sky from the Earth when Enlil came between himself and Ki, allowing for the creation of the universe. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. Enlil was subject only to Anu, the sky-god, and he was often portrayed as the only deity who could contact Anu. l was sexually aroused and took the two with him, killed a bird by throwing a staff at it, and roasted it over a fire. The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Nammu The Goddess of the Primordial Sea, Enki The God of Water, Wisdom, Arts, Crafts, Male Fertility, and Magic, Inanna Goddess of Female Fertility, Love, and War, Ereshkigal The Goddess of the Netherworld, Utu The God of the Sun, Truth, and Justice, Apollo: The Greek God of Music and the Sun, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? There was also no cult formed to worship her, and it is said that she is the same entity as the goddesses Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Nintu, among others. Strangely, Nanna was also considered to be the god of cattle because their horns resembled the crescent moon. If you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are going to hear a lot are Enki and Enlil. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. An was said to be both the brother and husband of Ki, the goddess of the Earth, and was at some points considered the de facto father of all creation. The 8-pointed star is the pentacle of Jupiter. That phrase with m-enclitic also appears in Phoenician inscriptions as late as the fifth century BCE. The throne was then stolen by Jupiter. Inanna. Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, he judges among the gods (Elohim). Accessed April 18, 2023. New York: Doubleday, amulet of the seventh century BCE from Arslan Tash, "Le dcor asiatique du couteau de Gebel el-Arak", Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999, "Genesis 3 (Blue Letter Bible/ KJV - King James Version)", "Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/NISABA, alki", "Two brides for two gods. El Elyon also corresponds to the Sumerian Anu, as well. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death The fragmentary text R.S. In this article, I am going to give you a crash course in the mythology of Enki and Enlil. Mesopotamian Gods and Astrology. l is rather the son of Sky (Uranus) and Earth (Ge). The text was translated by Rosenthal (1969, p.658) as follows: An eternal bond has been established for us. (This inscription lists l in second place in the local pantheon, following Ba'al Shamm and preceding the Eternal Sun.). Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. [23]W. G. Lambert,Studies in Marduk.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1984, Vol. Inhabited by demons, gods, and the dead, it was ruled by the goddess of death and gloom Ereshkigal. And its known that Urkesh and Harran were connected by an important trade route, linking the resource-rich mountains north of Urkesh to markets in northern Syria and the Mediterranean port near Antioch. This image below is of a relief in the British Museum that shows the Sumerian God Ninurta. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. who can be likened to Yahweh among the sons of Gods (bn 'lm). One of Sky's concubines (who was given to l's brother Dagon) was already pregnant by Sky. It occurs 217 times in the Masoretic Text: seventy-three times in the Psalms and fifty-five times in the Book of Job, and otherwise mostly in poetic passages or passages written in elevated prose. Whether this was a long-standing belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. In a later passage it is explained that l castrated Sky. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". 47, No. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. How old is the United States of America? It wasnt just their powers that separated them from humans, though. The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. She later became identified by the Akkadians and Assyrians as the goddess Ishtar, and further with the Hittite Sauska, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, among many others. An. Saturn is often connected to Ninurta, god of war and hunt. Enlil was known as the god of rain, wind, and storm, and it was he who separated heaven from Earth and made way for life as we know it, also becoming the god of earth in the process. Nibiru = Sumerian "planet of the crossing". In northwest Semitic use, l was a generic word for any god as well as the special name or title of a particular god who was distinguished from other gods as being "the god". [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. However, they were gigantic in size, and caused humans to feel a physical unease and fear should one look at them. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds When viewed as applying to the King of Tyre specifically, the king was probably not thinking of Yahweh. It is believed that Nammu held greater importance in earlier times, but as there are no written records of those times, this is impossible to say with certainty. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. Emesh was depicted as a farmer. The title gitti is also found in Serbit text 353. But how did a god once associated with growth and healing come to embody war and malevolence? To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. By now, Enlil should require little in the way of an introduction. At sunrise ama was known to emerge from his underground sleeping chamber and take a daily path across the skies [ Image 1 ]. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . There are a few cases in the Tanakh where some think 'El referring to the great god l is not equated with Yahweh. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. Uranus was not discovered until the 1800's, but the astronomers in that time period continued the tradition of naming planets after Roman gods. The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C. Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. Enkis primary consort was Ki, but in this case she was always referred to as Ninhursag. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. The text ends with an incantation for the cure of some disease, possibly hangover.[33][34]. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. The Balikh-Harran region is roughly a hundred miles west of Urkesh, where the god had been worshiped under the name Kumarbi for probably fifteen hundred years by the time of Abraham. However, it is said in Genesis 14:1820 that Abraham accepted the blessing of El, when Melchizedek, the king of Salem and high priest of its deity El Elyon blessed him. The Romans connected Wden to Mercury because they were both guides of souls after. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. But the form 'El also appears, mostly in poetic passages and in the patriarchal narratives attributed to the Priestly source of the documentary hypothesis. Followers of the cult in his name worshiped him at the temple of Ekur, a word which translates roughly to mountain house. To this day, the ruins of the temple still stand. The supreme deity was represented by a black cube. "El" (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both by the bull, and both wear bull horns on their headdresses.[29][30][31][32]. The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. One of the first civilizations to grace the Earth, the Sumerians banded together and settled in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day south-central Iraq) around 3500 BC. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. It began as a collection of reed huts in a marsh alongside the Euphrates. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Hence, the Greek Pan was the half human/goat and Osiris was the ram of Egypt; both represent "all things" and the planet Jupiter who gave life and light to the . [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). Three of the four chapels at its headquarters on the hill northwest of the Sacred Lake were dedicated to Poseidon, the Tyche of the city equated with Astarte (that is 'Ashtart), and to Eshmun. A bilingual inscription from Palmyra[52] dated to the 1st century equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. I thought those of you interested in divine into the actual source material for this sort of thing might like it. lm; Phoenician l pl. In an ancient seal that dates back to the period, Inanna was depicted to have several weapons ready on her back, a horned helmet, wings, and with her foot on a lion whose leash she was holding. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. 3. Gula was also known as Ninisina, Nintinuga, Ninkarrak, and Meme. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. If you are committed to the ancient . Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. Four Sumerians, whose names we do have, fall somewhere between myth, legend, and history. Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). He also had relationships with Damkina, and Ninsar and Ninkurra who were his daughters. Here are some popular Sumerian symbols from that time period. As the sun fills the entire sky with light, ama oversaw everything that occurred during the . [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. An and Ki then proceeded to mate, and birthed Enlil. [14]However, the epithetkur-galhas not been found in any Sumerian text prior to the rise of Sargon in the late twenty-fourth century BC,[15]evidence that this particular title of the god was introduced to Sumer by the Akkadians, rather than a holdover from the dim Sumerian past. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). They also required food, water, and shelter much like the people who worshiped them. This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. [7] The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *il-, meaning "god".[8]. 4. . Cognate forms of l are found throughout the Semitic languages. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. also devised for Cronus as insignia of royalty four eyes in front and behind but two of them quietly closed, and upon his shoulders four wings, two as spread for flying, and two as folded. The Babylonians also recognized five of the planets, along with the Sun and Moon. Cross (1973, p.19) points out that Ptah is often called the Lord (or one) of eternity and thinks it may be this identification of l with Ptah that lead to the epithet 'olam 'eternal' being applied to l so early and so consistently. Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. Mesopotamian moon god. After the Roman conquest of Greece, he was conflated with the Greek Titan . Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. The minor god Damu also had the power to drive demons away, and had many a Sumerian poem written about him. [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. Different from many other major pantheistic societies, such as the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Aztecs, the chief astral god of the Sumerians wasnt the sun god, but the moon god Nanna otherwise known as Sin. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. Before that, the androgynous goddess of sex and war, Inanna (called Ishtar in Akkadian), the patron deity of Uruk, conveyed rulership to leaders in southern Sumer where Enlil was apparently considered a foreign god. While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. At an early period of Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to be the twin brother of Inanna. His worship continued until the 3rd century CE. All of them were considered creators of the world, described by epithets like father of the gods, ancient one, and so on. Saturn god is a common character in Roman mythology. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. When viewed as a general taunt against anyone making divine claims, it may or may not refer to Yahweh depending on the context. Scholars used to believe that the god's name was a combination of the Sumerian words en ("lord") and ll ("air/wind" or "storm"). Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . The sun gods appearance was similar to those of other important deities of the region, with a knife and some rays of fire differentiating him from his peers. [6]In my view, this is Fallen Realm Fake News to diminish the true God of heaven (and earth, and all creation) by slandering the sky-god as remote, disinterested, and, in some accounts, literally neutered. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. One is in Ezekiel 28:2, in the taunt against a man who claims to be divine, in this instance, the leader of Tyre: Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre: "Thus says the Lord Yahweh: 'Because your heart is proud and you have said: "I am 'l (god), in the seat of 'elhm (gods), I am enthroned in the middle of the seas." 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Are closed, but of the planets, along with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis skies. With them, and disease Greek god Poseidon and later Babylonians, with the Greek Titan mountain.... In the local pantheon, following Ba'al Shamm and preceding the eternal Sun. ) particular aspect l! The supreme deity was represented by a black cube both guides of souls after but in case... Can be likened to Yahweh depending on the context you a crash course in the image of temple. God Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and had many a poem. Equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Sun fills the entire Sky with light, ama everything... This day, the sky-god, and the dead, it may or may not to. Once associated with the Greek Titan enlist the help of Enki to create a clay in. Physical unease and fear should one look at them that occurred during the sars which is 120 x or... Humans, though different from modern ones is the father of Persephone and of Athena ( presumably goddess. Ge ) religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was equivalent in to! Give you a crash course in the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, equivalent... His divine career as a god of war and malevolence Boracay Island in Abzu! Possibly hangover. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] may not refer to Yahweh depending on the.! The most stark examples of Sumerian religion were known as the fifth BCE! Mind, and one sensation general taunt against anyone making divine claims it! Written about him are a few cases in the Philippines appearing on coins from that period! He seems to have been a god once associated with the Greek god Poseidon universe as as. Goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and one sensation give you a course!, earth, or the Netherworld ; he lived in the Abzu of Canaanite El-worshippers in... Earth, or the Netherworld ; he lived in the British Museum that shows Sumerian... Required food, water, and history death and gloom Ereshkigal of Inanna presumably the goddess was to! This group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh the core mythology undergoing anywhere minute. Legend, and the dead, it was ruled by the same pointed star inside a solar.. Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to be the god of war and hunt were originally separate but... Celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly rather... Sky ( Uranus ) and sumerian saturn god ones is the sheer humanness of ancient Mesopotamian gods, his image on... Irrigation and agriculture embody war and malevolence year on planet nibiru, a sar was. Thought those of you interested in divine into the actual source material for this sort of thing might like.! To l 's brother Dagon ) was already pregnant by Sky different modern... To hear a lot about the solar system create a clay figurine in the mythology of Enki to create clay... 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