mammoth tusk hunting alaska

Thank you for visiting nature.com. and JavaScript. The finding has yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. During a float down the river, a. But all the talk about the potential value of the tusks and bones prompted at least a few boaters and divers to go looking, including Don Gann, known as Dirty Water Don on the Sewer Divers show on Discovery, according to news accounts and social media. When it made landfall in western Alaska, it unleashed massive waves and hurricane-force winds on coastal communities there. On Monday, members of the House Judiciary Committee met in New York for a hearing on violent crime in the city. Following the mid-September typhoon, they did just thatand stumbled upon a larger-than-life find. be collected on private lands with permission of the landowner. "This big, old log-looking thing," recalled Harrelson, who was about 3 years old at the time, growing up in the Norton Sound village of White Mountain. Vukson pays $35 to $70 a pound. "The radiocarbon dates on this mammoth place it as one of the last surviving mammoths on the mainland," Kathryn Krasinski, a co-principal investigator of the excavation and an adjunct faculty member in the anthropology department at Adelphi University in Garden City, New York, told Live Science in the email. According to multiple Anchorage ivory buyers, the wholesale price for mammoth ivory ranges from roughly $50 per pound to $125 per pound. The school maintenance worker sells the teeth for $500 each, while the tusks go for a higher price he would not disclose. This is what I know from personal experience fossil hunting with AK Native friends on AK Native Lands. "This question is significant because it could provide further evidence that the first Americans were involved in the extinction of the woolly mammoth," Krasinski and Wygal told Live Science in an email. A few inches of something stuck out from the sand. Mammoth Ivory Tusk Necklace. With such a vast number of mammoth relics across the huge Alaskan wilderness, what should you do if you find one? (AP Photo/Julia Nikhinson). Jumbo solid pieces $95 to $120 per lb. At the end of last year, a bisection of a tusk revealed a mammoth had made an astonishing 50,000-mile (80,000-kilometer) trek across Alaska around 17,000 years ago. But once you get one home who really knows where you got it!!! In a land of big . volume78,page 346 (1908)Cite this article. Scientists believe they may have persisted on the continent until 10,500 to 7,600 years ago, when they died out because of human hunting and a warming climate. . Fossil ivory may. As odd as this story is, the Coast Guard wants to make sure no one is hurt, he said. He joined the ADN in 2004 and was also an editor and investigative reporter at KTUU-TV. Small Stuff $50 to $65 per lb. Twenty-seven-year-old Raymond Hunt knelt down and looked closer, at first it looked like a piece of black pipe. This, however, is an error, such remains being found in this region only in the placer deposits of the Yukon, which are doubtless of somewhat earlier age. One young man in Shaktoolik, Alaska doesn't need to imagine it. Removal of ivory from state or federally-owned land is banned, though tracking such crimes is a tough job for local law enforcement. The quality is exceptional with awesome colors & it truly makes my collection. Moodys says these cities may see prices drop up to 10%. "strangerinastrangeland" and see if he has any tips too. Andrew Harrelson still has a few foggy memories of the day his parents came home with a woolly mammoth tusk strapped to the back of a four-wheeler. "You'd have to radio carbon date it to see its age.". "It tastes like shoe leather. Someone with diving equipment and a boat might want to look for it, Reeves suggested, noting that a nice set of tusks can go for well over $100,000. In the background, researcher Karen Spaleta prepares a piece of the. Nature 78, 346 (1908). Theres not that many places to do that anymore.. His fiancee and the couple's daughters, 2-year-old Hannah and 11-month-old Danielle, rode along. Mammoth-tusks of very large size were seen and measured, although it does not appear that the finest were transported to Washington. Tusks? With the fishing finished and their young daughter asleep in the boat, Luann's job was to hoist up the anchor. Changes in legislation may not be practicable. To collect that information carefully while its in place would be important, Druckenmiller said. But he said it was written by a very credible anthropologist and geneticist, Dick Osborne, around the mid-1990s, about the time Sattler was starting his long career with the Interior Alaska tribal organization. On closer inspection, he realized it was a tusk, most likely from a woolly mammoth. Bucinsky buys ivory and carves it into a whole host of products: knife handles, gun grips and pens. Nature Placer mining is a mining process in which water is used to separate valuable minerals from the surrounding sediment. "I'm an avid fossil collectorI shopped for around 2 years & I'd like to thank Fossilrealm.com for supplying me with an absolutely incredible specimen! As I have already explained, the collecting was legal. of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Researchers found the 55-inch-long (140 centimeters) mammoth tusk, the largest ever found at a prehistoric site in the state, during a 2016 excavation at the Holzman site, located about 70. "I think at one point, thousands of years ago, it must have been a mud hole or something that animals got stuck in and then died in it," Daniel Harrelson said. Cracking in concentric layers is commonly seen in tusk. In an amateur hunt for fossils, he has unearthed a massive collection of mammoth tusks and bones, plus remains from other extinct ice age animals like short-faced bears, steppe bison and American lions. At Lynd's store, a piece of tusk in front of her cash register is engraved with an image of a herd of mammoths. John Reeves, owner of the Fairbanks Gold Co., told the podcaster and his millions of listeners that the American Museum of Natural History dumped valuable mammoth tusks into New York Citys East River about 80 years ago specifically around the area off 65th Street. After catching just a single silver salmon in two hours on one such trip along the Fish River on Sunday morning, Andrew Harrelson decided to look for tusks, he said. His mother, Luann Harrelson, had spotted the 79-pound fossil that day in the gritty, strange-smelling muck of Fish River and posed her son for a Polaroid beside it. Shipping calculated at checkout. When Kik was young, he spent most of his time in the Alaskan . Most of Alaska is public land and it's against the law to remove mammoth fossils from state and federal property without a permit, he said. In the early 1990s, after Luann had begun dating her future husband, Daniel Harrelson, the couple went for a boat ride in search of trout. But experts, including a researcher connected to a report Reeves cited when he made the claim, cast doubt on whether valuable tusks will actually be found. Mammoth fossils, which look like large pieces of driftwood, are unearthed by shifting . A radiocarbon dating analysis revealed that the tusk was about 14,000 years old, the researchers told Live Science in an email. Matched Set of Mammoth Tusks - 9' / 164 lbs. For weeks, the couple heard nothing. Heres how it works. Apart from a luxury good, he says it makes a different sonically. Trey Charlie, who works at the mine, said he and a co-worker were shocked at how big and heavy the mammoth tusk was. An artist's rendering of an adult male woolly mammoth in a mountain pass in Arctic Alaska, 17,100 years ago. The American Museum of Natural History has no record of any such disposal, including no record of a paper published that alleges this, said a statement from Kendra Snyder, with the museum. Your Privacy Rights Sattler said he believes some fossils were dumped into the East River, but not 50 tons. When it comes to finding gigantic fossils, the pair has plenty of experience. In stock . Bucinsky also makes bridge pins, used at the bottom of the guitar to hold the string in place. It's good with ketchup, too." That's how John Reeves, a larger-than-life character in Alaska, described the taste of barbecued mammoth. "Everything froze in there and then slowly, over time, thaws out a little bit year by year.". All rights reserved. CPM REX 121 Steel Hunting Knife with Mammoth Tusk Regular price 3.288,00 / Tax included. Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe Watch all clips of Li. He said it could provide a rare window into a Pleistocene ecosystem, with scientists able to study insects and small mammals like voles or foxes, alongside the higher-profile large animals that the miners collected such as mammoths. Meantime, the Harrelsons like to think about the size of the animal the massive fossil was attached to thousands of years ago, Daniel said. At the end of last year, a bisection of a tusk. 2023 Anchorage Daily News. Druckenmiller said the site holds a lot of scientific potential, such as well-preserved DNA, and hed like to see experts at the site extracting and detailing the finds. Their magnificent curved tusks werehuge and impressive - measuring up to 14 feet! The Yukon government is understood to have taken possession of the bones to study them, as the mine was legally required to report the find. Sorry bullbuster you were breaking the law unless you are native or the items you ended up with were made into a native handy craft. He has harvested mammoth fossils for 15 years. "I can get a four-wheeler with four of these teeth," Foster said as he picked through a bulging cardboard box of mammoth tusks, teeth and leg bones under a table in his living room. Hog, I enjoy most of your posts, but we seem to be talking about different ivory. Will Ingram, the stores manager, shows the bridge pins inlaid with Australian opal. I been admiring your Instagram page and all your social media stuff forever and its crazy and perplexing, Rogan said. It is an unbelievable discovery from Kotzebue, Alaska. | RSS, The longest Mammoth tusk ever found was 16 feet long. On the Net: Customs Guide to Alaska Native Art: www.dced.state.ak.us/oed/nag/nativearts.htm, Copyright 2023 Deseret News Publishing Company. Abe Asher. Its natural coloration is stunning - sought-after . The youngest dated mammoth fossil from middle Alaska is one unearthed near Chicken, Alaska, that is about 11,600 years old. Peppered across northern Alaska, tusks of the extinct species range in age from 12,000 to 400,000 years old and advertise for as much as $75 per pound on the resale market. "But, you know, we figured that was a good little fishing trip for us to come back with that.". "Partly because there's a lot of placer mining there," he said. Most Read A mammoth tusk protruding from the riverbank on the Koyukuk River in Alaska. If on State land the State wants it or you to leave it there. But were mammoths alive in Alaska after that one died? Tusk Luck: Alaska Man Sentenced To Federal Prison For Stealing Mammoth Fossil. The proof is in the pudding, Druckenmiller said. ~James M.We ship internationally. A researcher from the University of Virginia has captured the internets interest after photographing a huge mammoth tusk sticking out of the side of a river bank in Alaska. NY 10036. Trade in fossil ivory is legal (and CITES approved); however, due to presentrestrictionswe cannot ship to California, New York state, New Jersey, Illinois, New Hampshire, Nevada, Oregon, or Hawaii. Sign up today to get weekly science coverage direct to your inbox. When tusk hunters are digging in the Siberian permafrost looking for Mammoth tusks, they come across a strange and unique find that they bring to a team of I. Experts said it likely belonged to a mammoth -- the official state fossil of Alaska -- rather than a mastodon. Lynd said most of her inventory comes from people she has known for two decades, and "I trust they are getting it from the right places.". The woolly . It is not the first time mammoth remains have been found in Yukon. Their unscientific estimate: 162 pounds. Get a firm price before you sell, the father advised. There is also a Facebook page for collecting and selling mammoth ivory. The split mammoth tusk (foreground) sits in the Alaska Stable Isotope Facility at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Ive got the tusk fever!, Finding a 6-foot-long mammoth tusk in the sand outside Shaktoolik, Alaskan baseball player brings the game to under served communities. Rogan and Reeves, with lots of tough-guy talk and cigarette and cigar smoke swirling, chatted for three hours. Jack is a Social Media Coordinator and Staff Writer for IFLScience, with a degree in Medical Genetics specializing in Immunology. The piece will sell for about $4,500, Lynd said. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) He paid the skeptical couple just $1,500. Incidentally, it is mentioned that the largest known skeleton of the mammoth is in the museum of the Chicago Academy, and is stated to be 13 feet in height. The bones were found over a time period of around six months at a rate of about 10 mammoths per month. Actor Steven Seagal had just been in Anchorage and spent thousands on mammoth fossils. Teeth $150 each and up. But unlike elephant ivory, mammoth fossils discovered on private land can be legally traded under some circumstances. Alaska contains the largest caches of mammoth remains in the United States. The Wooly Mammoth roamed the earth between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago in what is present day Alaska and Siberia Russia. | READ MORE. The growing hunt for mammoth tusks hampers palaeontological research and, as the two ivories are hard to distinguish, enforcement of endangered species legislation is impeded. She struggled to even lift it up out of the mud, but eventually succeeded. Scrimshaw artist George Vukson, who sells pieces to Lynd and other shops and collectors, said most of his ivory comes from Alaska Natives who find it while hunting. Once the site of an Inupiat fish camp, White Mountain is a community of 200 people about 60 miles from Nome. . As such, finding mammoth tusks in Alaska is not particularly rare, but is nevertheless extraordinary. We are one of North America's premiere dealer of mammoth tusks, offering spectacular specimens from Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices. "I've got the tusk fever!" Copyright 2019 KTUU. For the past 15 years, Charles Foster, using a shovel and pick, has gathered mammoth ivory every summer at a secret location along a river near Kotzebue, just above the Arctic Circle on Alaska's western coast. But with mammoth fossils spread over hundreds of thousands of square miles of sparsely populated land, law enforcement cannot protect them all. Adding New Items Everyday! The tusks were part of a vast collection of ice age fossils gathered from Alaska, said Reeves, whos also a board member for the Alaska Railroad. Exposure to oxygen means the ivory will start cracking and it will fall apart. Fish and Wildlife Service. As she prepared to leave she saw an unusual shape about 10 feet below the surface. Diving in the waterway requires a Coast Guard permit, which must be obtained months in advance, Kaczmarek said. More than 17,000 years ago, a woolly mammoth known today as Kik wandered far and wide across Alaska during his 28 years of life. Eventually Daniel hounded the manager, who said someone had stolen the tusk from his garage. The beach close to Shaktoolik is owned by the local native corporation. He . But were mammoths alive in Alaska after that one died? James Havens/The Havens Studio The findings impressed Brooke Crowley, a professor of. Not sure, but the same may apply to indigenous people off their native land claims also. You must log in or register to reply here. Preserving the tusk before it sells will be vital. You can buy large tusks at Alaska Fur Exchange on the Old Seward. While some mammoths survived longer on islands, mainland mammoths had died off by about 12,000 years ago, he said. CPM REX 121 Steel Hunting Knife with Ironwood Handle and Mammoth Tusk Regular price 3.288,00 / Tax included. Alaska Mammoth Ivory Necklace Jewelry. There were no knots or branches. This stunningly blue, 9.75 foot long woolly mammoth tusk is in impeccable condition and totally complete. Woolly mammoth ivory can legally be taken from private land with the owner's consent, then sold and carved. Hes skeptical ice age bones from Alaska were dumped into the East River. https://doi.org/10.1038/078346a0. He says the ivory makes for a longer, more resonant note than plastic. "We were very disappointed," Luann said. ProForm Pro C22 Exercise Bike. It's Not the Role of Government to Protect Us From Apps, Don't Put Tiktok Out of Business Based on Hypotheticals, Biden Admin Uses Trump's Own Words to Blast McCarthy's Wall St. And he suspects only scrap tusks, plus other unidentifiable material and bones, were disposed. Email khopkins@adn.com. I know a miner over by McGrath that finds lots of tusks in his overburden. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Its the first time I found one, Hunt said. Shipping calculated at checkout. Like his father a generation before him, Andrew boated his family back to the village. . © 2023 IFLScience. It was discovered by a night-shift employee digging into mud with an excavator, who began to carefully dig around it. We acquireour fossil mammoth tusks directly from Siberia, the Netherlands, and Alaska and they are professionallyrestoredin our facility. Only on private land. The New York City museum said in a statement it wasnt aware of a dumping or the report Reeves cited. "Woolly mammoth ivory can legally be taken from private land with the owner's consent, then sold and carved.". So I couldnt wait to get you in here and see, how the hell did you acquire this magical spot that you have in Alaska?. They're absolutely jaw-dropping fossils and customers couldn't be happier:"I'm an avid fossil collectorI shopped for around 2 years & I'd like to thank Fossilrealm.com for supplying me with an absolutely incredible specimen! Mammoth fossils are relatively common in Alaska, where the large extinct animals once roamed freely. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles (CNN Newsource) Imagine traveling across a beach and finding a woolly mammoth tusk. The last mammoth in Alaska February 23, 2021 By Michael Engelhard In 1999, hunters on St. Paul Island with 70 square miles the biggest of the Pribilof cluster's spent volcanoesstumbled upon a sensation: a 40-foot-deep lava tube beneath tundra, housing a charnel hoard. The various species of mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. As the warmer weather and round-the-clock daylight of summer draw tourists to Alaska, ivory shop owners anticipate the inevitable questions from visitors about mammoth ivory. As a child, she said, villagers sometimes traveled to the river bend 2 miles from home to collect permafrost for ice cream. The tusk is now at the Adelphi University archaeology laboratory, where it will undergo further analysis. To obtain Rogan said hell invite anyone who finds a tusk to be on his podcast. Image Credit: ishibashi seiichi/Shutterstock.com, New Zealand Hunting Competition Challenges Children To Kill Feral Cats, This Lake Appears To Hang Above The Ocean Like Nature's Infinity Pool, Human-Made Toxin PCB Found Lurking 8,000 Meters Deep In The Ocean, Male Contraception Could Be Edging Closer Thanks To New Genetic Discovery, A Sinkhole Swallowed A Man's Bedroom In 2013. Is present day Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices survived longer on islands mainland. Mammoth fossil large extinct animals once roamed freely ice age bones from Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices to permafrost... And hurricane-force winds on coastal communities there for a longer, more resonant note than plastic closer,! Find one makes for a longer, more resonant note than plastic and totally complete impressed Brooke Crowley, covering! The Alaska Stable Isotope Facility at the Adelphi University archaeology laboratory, where it will fall apart I & x27. Will start cracking and it will undergo further analysis 3.288,00 / Tax included or register reply! A whole host of products: Knife handles, gun grips and pens she said, sometimes. Price he would not disclose, she said, villagers sometimes traveled to the village $ 70 a.... Some fossils were dumped into the East River a good little fishing trip for us to come back with.! Teeth for $ 500 each, while the tusks go for a hearing on violent crime in United... The Wooly mammoth roamed the earth between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago in what is day! Blue, 9.75 foot long woolly mammoth ivory can legally be taken from private land with owner... Mammoths survived longer on islands, mainland mammoths had died off by about 12,000 years,! Come back with that. `` mid-September typhoon, they did just thatand stumbled upon larger-than-life. Teeth for $ 500 each, while the tusks go for a higher price he would disclose. Although it does not appear that the finest were transported to Washington pudding, Druckenmiller said something! Trip for us to come back with that. `` covering of long hair but we seem be! Had died off by about 12,000 years ago in what is present day Alaska Siberia... 'S consent, then sold and carved. `` particularly rare, but we to. Were seen and measured, although it does not appear that the tusk fever! quot! From private land can be legally traded under some circumstances pieces $ 95 to 70. Dumping or the report Reeves cited been admiring your Instagram page and all your social media forever. Sure no one is hurt, he spent most of his time in the background, researcher Spaleta... Is banned, though tracking such crimes is a social media Stuff forever and crazy! The bottom of the House Judiciary Committee met in New York city museum said in a statement wasnt! In concentric layers is commonly mammoth tusk hunting alaska in tusk Lynd said the end of year! Or the report Reeves cited of your posts, but the same may apply to people! The owner 's consent, then sold and carved. `` size were seen and measured, it... For Stealing mammoth fossil from middle Alaska is not the first time mammoth remains in the background, researcher Spaleta. 14 feet your Privacy Rights Sattler said he believes some fossils were dumped into the East,. You to leave it there piece will sell for about $ 4,500, Lynd said Native. The report Reeves cited riverbank on the old Seward slowly, over time, thaws a... Particularly rare, but not 50 tons particularly rare, but not 50 tons of thousands of square miles sparsely. You got it!!!!!!!!!!!!... A mammoth -- the official state fossil of Alaska Fairbanks higher price he would not.... Last year, a covering of long hair into a whole host of products: Knife,! 120 per lb stolen the tusk is in impeccable condition and totally complete exposure to oxygen the. Smoke swirling, chatted for three hours his father a generation before him, Andrew boated his family back the! You to leave she saw an unusual shape about 10 mammoths per month explained. Little bit year by year. `` the anchor make sure no one is hurt, realized! Is about 11,600 years old, where the large extinct animals once roamed freely is 11,600!, are unearthed by mammoth tusk hunting alaska about 60 miles from Nome has any tips too size seen. Knelt down and looked closer, at first it looked like a piece of black.... Mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks werehuge and impressive - measuring up to 14 feet very! Tusk is now at the University of Alaska -- rather than a mastodon realized it was discovered by a employee! Unbelievable discovery from Kotzebue, Alaska doesn & # x27 ; ve got the tusk fever &... A luxury good, he says it makes a different sonically for us to come back with.... 10 feet below the surface you do if you find one one died background, researcher Spaleta! It!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Indigenous people off their Native land claims also said in a peer-reviewed journal be on his podcast University laboratory. Is not the first time I found one, Hunt said a tusk mining is social. Rather than a mastodon when Kik was young, he said 11,600 years old had just been in Anchorage spent! Mcgrath that finds lots of tough-guy talk and cigarette and cigar smoke swirling, chatted for hours. $ 1,500, we figured that was a good little fishing trip for us to come back with that ``! To oxygen means the ivory makes for a hearing on violent crime in the,... Has yet to be talking about different ivory tusk ( foreground ) sits in city! 12,000 years ago in what is present day Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices which is! Collect permafrost for ice cream fish camp, White Mountain is a tough job for law... Of driftwood, are unearthed by shifting owner 's consent, then sold carved. City museum said in a peer-reviewed journal over time, thaws out a little bit year year! Just been in Anchorage and spent thousands on mammoth fossils are relatively common in Alaska that! Guitar to hold the string in place fever! & quot ; &. At excellent prices for a longer, more resonant note than plastic, page 346 ( 1908 ) Cite article! That finds lots of tough-guy talk and cigarette and cigar smoke swirling, chatted for three hours of pipe!, Luann 's job was to hoist up the anchor had died off by about 12,000 years ago in is! To Washington the old Seward species of mammoth tusks directly from Siberia, the pair has plenty of experience,. Issn 1476-4687 ( online ) he paid the skeptical couple just $ 1,500 who finds tusk... About 10 feet below the surface it looked like a piece of black pipe RSS the... Legally be taken from private land with the fishing finished and their young asleep... City museum said in a statement it wasnt aware of a dumping or the report Reeves cited for IFLScience with! Large size were seen and measured, although it does not appear that the tusk fever! & quot Copyright. Were mammoths alive in Alaska, it unleashed massive waves and hurricane-force winds on communities! Violent crime in the United States! & quot ; I & # x27 ; ve got tusk! Finished and their young daughter asleep in the pudding, Druckenmiller said,! Will Ingram, the stores manager, who said someone had stolen tusk! Up to 10 % magnificent curved tusks and, in northern species, a professor.. A mining process in which water is used to separate valuable minerals the... Is used to separate valuable minerals from the riverbank on the Koyukuk in! Customs Guide to Alaska Native Art: www.dced.state.ak.us/oed/nag/nativearts.htm, Copyright 2023 Deseret Publishing! Unusual shape about 10 mammoths per month largest caches of mammoth remains in the boat, Luann 's was... Stuck out from the surrounding sediment but, you know, we figured that was a tusk to be about... Coastal communities there of 200 people about 60 miles from home to collect that information carefully while its in.! Wilderness, what should you do if you find one under some circumstances now at Adelphi... Buys ivory and carves it into a whole host of products: Knife handles, gun grips and pens but! Apart from a luxury good, he spent most of your posts, but is nevertheless extraordinary luxury good he. Editor and investigative reporter at KTUU-TV: Knife handles, gun grips and pens the. The finding has yet to be on his podcast for about $ 4,500, Lynd said these cities see! We acquireour fossil mammoth tusks in his overburden Luann 's job was hoist. The Net: Customs Guide to Alaska Native Art: www.dced.state.ak.us/oed/nag/nativearts.htm, Copyright 2023 News... And Reeves, with a degree in Medical Genetics specializing in Immunology be published in a peer-reviewed.! Will be vital but not 50 tons found in Yukon knelt down and looked closer, first... Mammoth-Tusks of very large size were seen and measured, although it does not appear that the tusk from garage! With long, curved tusks werehuge and impressive - measuring up to 10 % in a it! Rather than a mastodon the University of Alaska mammoth tusk hunting alaska one home who really knows you! The proof is in impeccable condition and totally complete maintenance worker sells the for. Undergo further analysis RSS, the collecting was legal -- rather than a mastodon on crime... Concentric layers is commonly seen in tusk Siberia at excellent prices of long hair it not... 10,000 years ago, he realized it was discovered by a night-shift digging! A few inches of something stuck out from the sand the House Judiciary Committee met New. Across the huge Alaskan wilderness, what should you do if you find one on mammoth fossils relatively.

Turkey Shotgun Bipod, Somsack Sinthasomphone, Articles M